How the next-generation of Commodity Standards are shaping safer global trade — with Joanne Wilson and Lihong Zhu

In this month’s spotlight, we highlight the work of the Technical Panel on Commodity Standards (TPCS) through insights from its Steward and Standards Committee (SC) member, Joanne Wilson, and its selected TPCS Chairperson, Lihong Zhu.

1. What is the purpose of these new IPPC “next generation” of standards, the specific commodity standards?

Joanne Wilson:

These standards, annexes to ISPM 46, help plant protection and trade work together by providing commodity-specific pest lists and phytosanitary measures based on existing regulations and real-world practices. They give NPPOs a practical starting point for pest risk analysis and for identifying measures suited to national conditions and to ensure the appropriate level of protection against lant pests. Commodity standards also strengthen trade negotiations by turning IPPC principles into practical, evidence-based solutions that support food security, protect biodiversity, and contribute to economic growth.

2. Do these standards replace pest risk analysis (PRA)?

Joanne Wilson:

No. PRA remains the foundation for regulating pests under both the IPPC and the WTO SPS Agreement. Commodity standards do not replace national PRA but rather support it by reducing duplication and providing internationally reviewed pest lists and mitigation options that NPPOs may build upon.

3. Are the standards mandatory for contracting parties?

Joanne Wilson:

No. The use of commodity standards is not mandatory. Contracting parties are encouraged to consider them as a source of technically justified options for phytosanitary measures. NPPOs may adopt, adapt, or reference these measures when developing import requirements or negotiating market access. This helps reduce variation in measures, supports transparency, and facilitates recognition of equivalence between trading partners. These standards are really the starting point for all 185 IPPC contracting parties, giving all the same level of playing field.

4. Who is responsible for drafting these new standards?

Lihong Zhu:

The Technical Panel on Commodity Standards (TPCS), composed of international experts nominated by NPPOs and selected by the Standards Committee, develops these standards. The panel meets regularly to review evidence, discuss technical issues, and prepare drafts for consultation and SC approval. Between meetings, stewards work to address comments and prepare revised drafts for Standards Committee approval before country consultation.

©IPPC/ Members of the Technical Panel on Commodity Standards (TPCS) and IPPC Secretariat staff – November 2025

5. What information is used to draft commodity standards?

Lihong Zhu:

Commodity standards are based on scientific evidence and technical information submitted by contracting parties. This includes pest lists, pest risk analyses, phytosanitary measures, and relevant regulations. Submissions often reference peer-reviewed studies, official pest records, and existing IPPC standards. Country consultations provide further validation to ensure the standards are globally relevant and technically sound.

6. Which commodities are currently under development?

Lihong Zhu:

Commodities are selected by the CPM based on global trade importance, pest risks, and the availability of supporting information. Seven commodity standards are currently expected to be adopted by 2028.

A major milestone was reached with the adoption of the first annex to ISPM 46, on the international movement of fresh mango fruit (Mangifera indica) standard by CPM-19 in 2024. The fresh banana (Musa spp.) and taro (Colocasia esculenta) standards underwent their first consultation in 2025 and are planned for second consultation in 2026. The bean seed (Phaseolus vulgaris) and citrus fruit (Citrus spp.) standards were drafted in June 2025, with the first consultation planned for July 2026, along with the draft on apple fruit (Malus domestica). Drafting of the fresh grape (Vitis vinifera) standard is scheduled for 2026, with consultation expected in 2027. Of course, as mentioned, all drafts standards are presented to the IPPC Standards Committee for their thorough revision and approval.

7. How do these standards benefit contracting parties?

Lihong Zhu:

Commodity standards draw on proven practices and existing regulations, making them practical and implementable. They can expedite market access negotiations and support safe and fair trade. For importing countries, they provide a foundation for NPPO PRA. For exporting countries, they offer clarity and predictability, outlining what measures may be expected or negotiated. For developing countries, these standards are especially valuable as they offer ready-to-use, science-based options that reduce resource burdens and improve efficiency.

8. How do they support IPPC strategic objectives?

Joanne Wilson:

Commodity standards contribute to the IPPC Strategic Framework by enhancing food security, protecting the environment, and facilitating safe trade. As one of the eight Development Agenda Items, they complement other tools such as diagnostic protocols, phytosanitary treatments, and surveillance guidance.

9. Do the standards create new obligations for contracting parties?

Joanne Wilson:

No. Commodity standards do not create new obligations beyond those already established under the IPPC and the WTO SPS Agreement. They do not override national decision-making. Contracting parties maintain full sovereign authority to regulate pests based on their national PRA and legislative requirements.

10. What message would you share with contracting parties?

Joanne Wilson & Lihong Zhu:

Get involved! We encourage all contracting parties to read ISPM 46, submit technical information when invited, participate actively in consultations, and attend the CPM-20 side session. These next-generation standards will only succeed if we develop, understand, and use them together. These standards are to provide a common ground and starting point for protecting plant heath and facilitating safe trade.